This keynote presentation was delivered at the Multilingual Typography Symposium at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 2011. Through considering the socio-political and socio-linguistic evolutions of bilingualism in Hong Kong, the presentation argues that visual harmony is not always the ultimate concern in cross-cultural typography – its effectiveness depends on how the two languages or scripts as well as their semantic components interact with each other under different contexts and purposes. With a systemic approach, the presentation examines case studies of bilingual typography in Hong Kong, considering bilingualism in terms of parallel translations, code-mixing and code-switching. A comparative descriptive framework for bilingual typography is also presented.
Author: keith-admin
Typographic hierarchy and legibility research
A seminar that discusses Michael Twyman‘s notation system for establishing typographic hierarchy (headings and paragraph) and a summary of Herbert Spencer’s review of literature of over 100 years of legibility research. Useful for typographers to inform their design decisions.
Twyman, M (1981) ‘Typography without words’, in Visible Language, XV no. 1, 5–12
Spencer, Herbert (1969) The visible word. London: Lund Humphries and Royal College of Art
Typographic hierarchy and legibility research from Keith Tam
Detail text typography
A lesson on the conventions and good practices of text typography
Typography and book design reading list
Typography manuals
Baines, Phil and Andrew Haslam (2002)
Type & typography
New York: Watson-Guptill
Bringhurst, Robert (1997)
The elements of typographic style
Vancouver: Hartley & Marks, Publishers
Felici, James (2003)
The complete manual of typography: a guide to setting perfect type
Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press
Hochuli, Jost (2008)
Detail in typography: letters, letterspacing, words, wordspacing, lines, linespacing, columns
London: Hyphen Press
Kane, John (2002)
A type primer
New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Lupton, Ellen (2004)
Thinking with type: A critical guide for designers, writers, editors & students
New York: Princeton Architectural Press
McLean, Ruari (1980)
The Thames and Hudson manual of typography
London: Thames and Hudson
Middendorp, Jan (2012)
Shaping text: type, typography and the reader
Singapore: Page One Publishing
History
Burke, Christopher (2007)
Active literacture: Jan Tschichold and New Typography
London: Hyphen Press
Kinross, Robin, editor (2002)
Anthony Froshaug: typography & texts
London: Hyphen Press
Kinross, Robin (1992)
Modern typography: an essay in critical history
London, England: Hyphen Press 1992
Poyner, Rick (2003)
No more rules: graphic design and postmodernism
New Haven: Yale University Press
Classic texts
Gill, Eric (1988)
An essay on typography
New York: D R Godine
Ruder, Emil (2001)
Typographie (seventh edition)
Sulgen, Switzerland: Niggli
Tschichold, Jan, translated by Ruari McLean (1995)
The new typography: a handbook for modern designers
Berkeley: University of California Press
Tschichold, Jan; translated by Hajo Hadeler (1991)
The form of the book: essays on the morality of good design
London: Lund Humphries
Theory, research and discourse
Beier, Sofie (2012)
Reading letters: designing for legibility
Amsterdam: BIS Publishers
Heller, Steven and Philip Meggs, editors (2001)
Texts on type: critical writings on typography
New York: All Worth Press
Jury, David, editor (2001)
TypoGraphic Writing: selected writing from thirty years of TypoGraphic, the journal of the International Society of Typographic Designers
Stround, England: ISTD
Spencer, Herbert (1969)
The visible word
London: Lund Humphries/Royal College of Art
Swanson, Gunnar, editor (2000)
Graphic design & reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship
New York: All Worth Press
Unger, Gerard (2007)
While you’re reading
New York: Mark Batty Publisher
Walker, Sue (2001)
Typography and language in everyday life: prescriptions and practices
Harlow, England: Pearson Education
Book design
Bartram, Alan (2001)
Five hundred years of book design
New Haven: Yale University Press
Birdsall, Derek (2004)
Notes on book design
New Haven: Yale University Press
Haslam, Andrew (2006)
Book design: a comprehensive guide
London: Laurence King
Hochuli, Jost and Robin Kinross (1996)
Designing books: practice and theory
London: Hyphen Press
Hochuli, Jost (1993)
Book design in switzerland
Switzerland: Arts Council of Switzerland
Williamson, Hugh (1983)
Methods of book design (3rd edition)
New Haven: Yale University Press
Tschichold, Jan (1991)
The form of the book: essays on the morality of good design
Vancouver: Hartley & Marks, Publishers
Calligraphy, lettering and type design reading list
Calligraphy and lettering
Harvey, Michael (1975)
Lettering design: form and skill in the design and use of letterforms
London: Bodley Head
Harvey, Michael (2002)
Creative lettering today: calligraphy in the graphic arts, drawing and design, digital letterforms, carving letters in stone and wood
New York: Lyon & Burford Publishers
Johnston, Edward (1977)
Writing & illuminating & lettering
London: Adam & Charles
Mosley, James (1999)
The nymph and the grot: the revival of the sanserif letter
London: Friends of the St Bride Printing Library
Neuenschwander, Brody (1994)
Letterwork: creative letterforms in graphic design
London: Phaidon Press
Noordzij, Gerrit (2005)
The stroke: theory of writing
London: Hyphen Press
Noordzij, Gerrit (2000)
Letterletter: an inconsistent collection of tentative theories that do not claim any other authority than that of common sense
Vancouver: Hartley & Marks, Publisher
Pott, Gottfried (1995)
Schrift, klana, bild / The music of lettering
Mainz: Verlag Hermann Schmidt
Type design
Bartram, Alan and James Sutton (1988)
An atlas of typeforms (2nd edition)
Hartfordshire, England: Wordsworth Editions
Berry, John D, editor (2002)
Language, culture, type
New York: ATypI
Blackwell, Lewis (1998)
Twentieth century type (remix)
London: Laurence King
Carter, Sebastian (2002)
Twentieth century type designers (new edition)
Aldershot, England: Lund Humpheies
Frutiger, Adrian (1980)
Type, sign, symbol
Zurich: ABC Editions
Haley, Allan (1998)
Type: hot designers make cool fonts
Gloucester, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers
Howes, Justin (2000)
Johnston’s Underground type
Middlesex, England: Capital Transpor
Littlejohn, Deborah editor (2003)
Metro letters: a typeface for the twin cities
Minneapolis: Design Institute, University of Minnesota
Middendorp, Jan (2004)
Dutch type
Rotterdam: 010 Publishers
Re, Margaret (2002)
Typographically speaking: the art of Matthew Carter
Baltimore: University of Maryland
Smeijers, Fred and Robin Kinross (2011)
Counterpunch: making type in the sixteenth century, designing typefaces now (second edition)
London: Hyphen Press
Tracy, Walter (1986)
Letters of credit: a view of type design
London: Gordon Fraser
Wayfinding reading list
Arthur, P; Passini, R (1992)
Wayfinding: people, signs and architecture
New York: McGraw-Hill
Barker, P; Fraser, J (2000)
Sign design guide: a guide to inclusive signage
London and Harpenden, Hertfordshire: JMU and Sign Design Society
Bechtel, R B; Churchman, A (eds) (2002)
Handbook of environmental psychology
New York: John Wiley
Berger, C (2009)
Wayfinding: designing and implementing graphic navigational systems
Hove: Rotovision
Calori, C (2007)
Signage and wayfinding design: a complete guide to creating environmental graphic design systems
New York: John Wiley & Sons
Gibson, D (2009)
The wayfinding handbook: information design for public places
New York: Princeton Architectural Press
Lynch, K (1960)
The image of the city
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Mijksenaar, P (2008)
Wayfinding at Schiphol: on the how and why of signage at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Amsterdam: Mijkensaar
Miller, C; Lewis, D (2000)
Wayfinding in complex healthcare environments
Information Design Journal, 9(2/3), 129–160
Miller, C; Lewis, D (1999)
Wayfinding: effective wayfinding and signing systems: guidance for healthcare facilities
London: HMSO
Mollerup, P (2005)
Wayshowing: a guide to environmental signage: principles & practices
Baden: Lars Müller Publishers
Smitshuijzen, E. (2007)
Signage design manual
Baden: Lars Müller
Uebele, A; Schmidt-Friderichs, K. (2007)
Signage systems & information graphics: a professional sourcebook
London: Thames & Hudson
Chinese typography reading list
Research
Chi, Chia-fen; Cai, Dengchuan; You, Manlai (2003). Applying image descriptors to the assessment of legibility in Chinese characters. In Ergonomics, volume 46, number 8, 825–841.
Ho, Chung-wing 何松榮 (1994). 中文的直排與橫排——中文報紙內文排列的研究 [Horizontal versus vertical Chinese typesetting – a study on the typesetting of text in the Chinese newspapers]. In Lee, Paul S N and Leung, Kenneth W Y, eds. 香港傳播研究 [Communication research in Hong Kong]. Hong Kong: Department of Journalism & Communication, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 57–76.
Miles, W R; Shen, Eugene (1927). Photographic recording of eye movements in the reading of Chinese in vertical and horizontal axes; methods and preliminary results. Journal of Experimental Psychology 10, 158–183.
Stallings, W (1976). Approaches to Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recognition 8, 87–98
Sun, Fuchan; Morita, Michon; Stark, Laurence W (1985). Comparative patterns of reading eye movement in Chinese and English. Perception & Psychophysics 37 (1985) 502–506.
Wang, An-Hsiang; Chen, Cheng-Hsun (2003). Effects of screen type, Chinese typography, text/background color combination, speed, and jump length for VDT leading display on users’ reading performance. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 31, 249–261.
Wong, Paul Yiu Chung and Hsu, Siu Chi (1995). Designing Chinese typeface using components. IEEE 0730-3157/95, 416–421
Zhang, Bing; Li, Ying; Suen, Ching Y; Zhang, Xuemin (2011). Discovering legible Chinese typefaces for reading digital documents. 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, IEEE, 962–966.
Zhang, Jun-Yun; Zhang, Ting; Xue, Feng; Liu, Lei; Yu, Cong (2007). Legibility variations of Chinese characters and implications for visual acuity measurement in Chinese reading population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, volume 28, number 5, 2383–2390.
History
Heijdra, Martin J. (2004). Technology, culture and economics: movable type versus woodblock printing. Studies of Publishing Culture in East Asia: Niwatazumi. Tokyo: Nigensha. 223–240.
Heijdra, Martin J. (2006). A tale of two aesthetics: typography versus calligraphy in the pre-modern Chinese book’. Ming, Wilson and Pierson, Stacey, eds. The art of the book in Chinese (colloquies on art & archaeology in Asia no. 23). London: University of London, Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, School of Oriental and African Studies. 15–27.
Heijdra, Martin J. (2004). The development of modern typography in East Asia, 1850–2000. The East Asian Library Journal 11, no. 2. 100–168.
Li, Mingjun 李明君 (1996). 中国美术字史图说 [An illustrated history of artistic calligraphy in China]. Beijing: People’s Fine Art Publishing House.
Li, Shaobo 李少波 (2011). 中国黑体字源流考 [In search of the origins of Heiti typefaces in China]. In 裝飾 [Zhuangshi], 2011, issue 3.
Li, Shaobo 李少波 (2008). 黑體字研究 [The research on Heiti type] (PhD thesis). Beijing: Central Academy of Fine Arts.
Minick, Scott and Ping, Jiao (1990). Chinese graphic design in the twentieth century. London: Thames and Hudson.
Shi, Xuan 时璇 (2012). 视觉: 中国近现代平面设计发展研究 [Visual: research on the developments of modern graphic design in China]. Beijing: Culture and Art Publishing House.
Wood, Frances (1985). History of printing in China. In The Monotype Recorder, new series, number 5, September 1985. 1–9.
Zhang, Shu 张抒 (2013). 美哉宋体字 [Beautiful Songti]. Chongqing, China: Chongqing University Press.
Zhang, Soumin 张秀民 (2006). 中国印刷史 (插图珍藏增订版) [History of printing in China, illustrated collectable expanded edition]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House.
Chinese type design and typography
Cao, Hongkui 曹洪奎 (1975). 铅印排版技术 [The techniques of typesetting with lead type]. Beijing: People’s Publishing House.
Chen, Dunhua 陳敦化 (1972). 印刷設計 [Designing for printing]. Taipei: Wei Xin Shu Ju
He, Jizheng 何繼曾 (1959). 排字淺說 [An elementary introduction to typesetting]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
Kan, Tai Keung 靳埭強 (2016) 字體設計100+1 [Type design 100+1]. Hong Kong: ET Press.
Ke, Zhije and Su, Weixiang 柯志杰、蘇煒翔 (2014). 字型散步:日常生活的中文字型學 [Type walk: typography in everyday life]. Taipei: Faces Publishing.
Lu, Xiaoqing and Tang, Ting (2016) ‘Elements of Chinese typeface design’. In Dyson, Mary C and Suen, Ching Y, eds. Digital fonts and reading. Singapore: World Scientific. 109–130
Man Kwong Publishing 文光出版社編輯部 (1988). 中文字造形設計實例 [Chinese character formation design]. Hong Kong: Man Kwong Publishing
Nan, Tianjian 楠天健 (1995). 电子排版技术 [Digital typesetting techniques]. Beijing: Tsing Hua University Press.
‘Photosetting Chinese – a world-first for Monotype’. In The Monotype Recorder, new series, number 5, September 1985. 10–13
Tam, K (2018) ‘Hanzi’, in Wittner, B; Thoma, S; Hartmann, T, eds. Bi-scriptual: typography and graphic design with multiple script systems. Salenstein, Switzerland: Niggli, 204–211
Tse, Tak Lung 謝德隆 (1992). 設計與印刷的橋樑 [The bridge between design and printing]. Hong Kong: Keyline Publishing Co.
Punctuation standards
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China (2011). 中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 15834–2011: 标点符号用法 [National standards of the People’s Republic of China GB/T 15834–2011: General rules for punctuation, ]
Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2009). 重訂標點符號手冊, 修訂版 [Revised handbook of punctuation, new edition].
Multilingual typography
Takagi, Mariko (2014) Hanzigraphy: a typographic translation between Latin letters and Chinese characters. Hong Kong: MCCM Creations.
Xiaofeng Wang 王小枫 (2013) 中西文字并排设计 [Chinese & Latin typography]. Dalian, China: Dalian University of Technology Press.
Sadek, G. and Maxim, Z. (1997) Typographia polyglotta: a comparative study in multilingual typesetting (2nd edition). Association Typographique Internationale, New York, USA.
Wittner, B; Thoma, S; Hartmann, T, eds (2018) Bi-scriptual: typography and graphic design with multiple script systems. Salenstein, Switzerland: Niggli
Language and information processing
Crystal, David (2010). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gu, D W (1994). The standardisation of Chinese Characters. Chinese World 36, 33–36.
Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2016. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, nineteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.
Lunde, K. (2009). CJKV information processing, 2nd edition. O’Rilley, Sebastopol, CA, USA.
Wang, W S Y (1973). The Chinese language. Scientific American 228, 50–60.
Information design reading list
Theory, discourse and research
Black, Alison; Luna, Paul; Lund, Ole; Walked, Sue (2017)
Information design: research and practice
New York: Routeledge
Horn, Robert E (1988)
Mapping hypertext: analysis, linkage, and display of knowledge for the next generation of on-line text and graphics
Arlington, VA: The Lexington Institute
Horn, Robert E (1998)
Visual language: global communication for the 21st century
Bainbridge Island, WA: Macro VU, Inc.
Jacobson, Robert (1999)
Information design
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Frascara, Jorge (2015)
Information design as principled action: Making information accessible, relevant, understandable, and usable
Champaign, Illinois: Common Ground Publishing
Mijksenaar, Paul (1997)
Visual function: an introduction to information design
Rotterdam: 010 Publishers
Pettersson, Rune (2002)
Information design: an introduction
Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Wurman, Richard Saul (2001)
Information anxiety 2
Indianapolis, Ind.: Que
Practice
Baer, Kim (2008)
Information design workbook: graphic approaches solutions, and inspiration + 30 case studies
Beverly, Mass.: Rockport
Institute for Information Design Japan (2005)
Information design source book (second edition)
Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser
Mijksenaar, Paul and Piet Westendorp (1999)
Open here: the art of instructional design
New York: Joost Elffers Books
Rice-Lively, Mary and Hsin-Liang Chen (2006)
Scenarios and information design: a user-oriented practical guide
Oxford: Chandos
Visocky O’Grady, Jenn & Ken Visocky O’Grady (2008)
The information design handbook
Cincinnati, Ohio: How Books
Wurman, Richard Saul (1996)
Information architects
Zurich, Switzerland: B. Martin Pedersen
Isotype
Kindel, Eric; Walker, Sue; Burke, Christopher (2013)
Isotype: design and contexts 1925–1971
London: Hyphen Press
Neurath, Marie (2009)
The transformer: principles of making Isotype charts
London: Hyphen Press
Neurath, Otto (1980)
International picture language: a facsimile reprint of the [1936] English edition
Reading, UK: Department of Typography & Graphic Communication, University of Reading
Neurath, Otto (2010)
From hieroglyphics to Isotype: a visual autobiography
London: Hyphen Press
University of Reading (1975)
Graphic communication through ISOTYPE
Reading, UK: University of Reading
Edward Tufte
Tufte, Edward R (1990)
Envisioning information
Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press
Tufte, Edward R (1997)
Visual explanations: images and quantities, evidence and narrative
Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press
Tufte, Edward R (2001)
The visual display of quantitative information
Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press
Tufte, Edward R (2003)
The cognitive style of PowerPoint
Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press
Tufte, Edward R (2006)
Beautiful evidence
Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press
The revival of slab-serif typefaces in the 20th century
MA Typeface Design essay 2001, University of Reading
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An essay that traces the historical developements of slab-serif typefaces in the 20th century.
Calligraphic tendencies in the development of sanserif type in the twentieth century
MA Typeface Design dissertation 2002, University of Reading
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Sanserif typefaces are often perceived as something inextricably linked to the ideals of Swiss modernism. They are also often thought of as something as far as one can get from calligraphic writing. Yet, throughout the twentieth century and especially in the past decade or so, the design of sanserif typefaces have been consistently inspired by calligraphic writing. This dissertation hence explores the relationship between calligraphic writing and the formal developments of sanserif typefaces in the twentieth century. Although type design is an inherently different discipline from writing, conventions of calligraphic did and till do impose certain important characteristics on the design of typefaces that modern readers expect. This paper traces and analyses the formal developments of sanserif typefaces through the use of written forms. It gives a historical account of the development of sanserif typefaces by charting six distinct phases of sanserif designs that were in some ways informed by calligraphic writing:
- Humanist sanserifs: Britain 1900s
- Geometric sanserifs: 1920s–30s
- Contrast sanserifs: 1920s–50s
- Sanserif as a book type: 1960s–80s
- Neo-humanist sanserifs: 1990s
Three primary ways to create calligraphic writing, namely the broadnib pen, flexible pointed pen and monoline pen are studied and linages drawn to how designers imitate or subvert the concentions of these tools. These studies are put into historical perspective and links made to the contexts of use. The focus of this dissertation is on typefaces that are generally known as humanist sans; grotesques and neo-grotesques are not included in the discussions.